Roma before Pax Romana - 1490 Words

Values a society share with its citizens are not only different from one society to another, but also characterize the society because values mold morality. For example, America shares value of freedom, individuality, and competition among her people, and those values make America and American morals different from morals of other countries, such as Soviet Union. Just like any other societies throughout history, Rome had a set of values that were particular to Romans; of course, some of the values had changed, and others remained in course of Roman history. During the time of Augustus, when bloody civil war finally ended, Augustus decided to focus on three values: patriotism, piety, and family, which all act together to prosper the Roman Empire. Vergil, through his epic, probes beginning of Rome and values of Romans not only of ancient time, but also of contemporary time to Vergil. Through contrast of Aeneas and Dido in patriotism and piety, Vergil takes side of Dido and criticizes A eneas, who is epitomize values during Roman empire, implying that Vergil himself holds doubts on values set by Augustus. To start, Vergil uses Aeneas, a patriotic hero, to cast doubt on patriotism: is patriotism all that important? Aeneas is without a doubt a patriotic figure: he tries to protect falling Troy, deeply mourns for loss of his home after the fall of Troy, and undertakes the mission to set another great empire (Vergil, Book II). Even though he has taken some break in kingdom of Dido,Show MoreRelatedAn Overview of the Greek and Roman Empire1654 Words   |  7 Pagessense of duty, courage and discipline. Early Rome was divided into two group or orders. Rome first code of law was the Twelve Tables, which was adopted in 450 B.C. This code was a product of a simple farming society and proves inadequate for later Roma needs. Rome conquers the Mediterranean, they was the first Punic war, and the second Punic war. By the second century B.C, the Senate had become the real governing body of the Roman state. In 107 B.C., a Roman general named Marius became consul and

Mental Health Disease Of Alzheimer And Dementia - 2002 Words

Epidemiology Paper Mental Health Disease Robin Cameron NUR/408 Janruary 16, 2011 Nancyruth Leibold Mental Health Disease According to Perry, Presley-Cantrell, and Dhingra (2010) â€Å"Mental illness is term health conditions that are characterized by alteration in thinking, mood, or behavior or perhaps a combination that is associated with distress and/or impaired functioning† (p. 2333). Mental health has become an increase concern in the vulnerable elderly population across the nation. Two of the major mental diseases that are prevalence in the elderly population are Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Alzheimer and Dementia are both diseases that affect the elderly population across the nation by declining loss of intellectual functioning. Not much is known about these disease processes but what is known is both these diseases are similar in signs and symptoms (Fisher Center For Alzheimer‘s Research Foundation, 2011). To explore and understand more about Alzheimer and Dementia disease process, it is important to understand what epidemiology is. Then this paper will show how the steps and me thods the epidemiology uses to help determine the cause and effect of a disease. The paper continues to review how the epidemiological triangle is used. It is important to tie it altogether by explaining how epidemiology is used to help explore and understanding in how the disease process develops, any identifying causes and how to either slow the effects or prevent the disease process ofShow MoreRelatedEarly Onset Of Alzheimer s Disease1742 Words   |  7 PagesEaten Alive Dementia is the general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer s. Alzheimer s disease literally eats and attacks the human brain (Overview). 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Alzheimer is a chronic neurodegenerative diseases that causes different problemsRead MoreThe Common Types Of Dementia1013 Words   |  5 PagesDementia can be defined as a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life (alz.org). More than often, individuals affected by dementia are over the age of 65. In the United States, there are more than three million cases of dementia each year. According to World Health Organization, the number of people living with dementia is currently estimated at 47.5 million worldwide and is expected to increase to 75.6 million by 2030 (World Health Organization 2015). Dementia is causedRead MoreDementia And Alzheimer s Dementia995 Words   |  4 PagesDementia and Alzheimer s Dementia and Alzheimer’s was discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. He discovered both of them, dementia is like Alzheimer’s just not as severe. 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In 2003, the report on the President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America, recommended that mental health must be addressed with urgencyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : The Most Common Form Of Dementia1427 Words   |  6 PagesDementia, known as one of the world s current pandemics, is estimated to be the fourth most common cause of death in the developed country, second only to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular disea ses and cancer. With the aging population, dementia has gradually become a serious threat to the health of the elderly people in Australia. Alzheimer s disease is the most common form of dementia. Alzheimer s disease usually occurs in a primary degenerative encephalopathy in senile and pre senior periodRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : The Mysterious Tragedy Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Alzheimer s Disease is a name that is not entirely uncommon. Alzheimer s is a disease that has only recently been classified as one, though it is not uncommon to mankind. Before Dr. Alzheimer officially diagnosed it has been present before under the premise of old age and dementia, as both disorders are a disruption of neural pathways related to memory and normal brain operation. Memory in this sense is not bound to the idea of experiences worth cherishing, but also incorporates loss ofRead MoreEvaluation Of A Multi Model Experimental Design Using A Subject Through A Pre Test Control Group Design1165 Words   |  5 Pages The ideal sample is 150 participants between the ages of 50-80 years old with both male and females equally represented, all of whom suffer from and have been diagnosed with Alzheimer s disease, other forms of dementia, or Parkinson s disease according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-5]. 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Harris, Nagy and Vardaxis (2006) stated  ¡Ã‚ ®dementia is a progressive organic mental disorder characterisedRead MoreAlzheimers Disease Health Promotion Case Study1255 Words   |  6 PagesSTAGES Alzheimer s Disease Health Promotion Case Study Part 2: Gender, Culture, and Developmental Stages February 18,1999 Gender, Culture, and Developmental Stages Introduction This section will discuss the impact of Alzheimer s disease on racial, cultural, and gender variables, with the focus being on the various approaches to care of the disease. Developmental stages and tasks will be discussed for both the client and the caregiver. Gender and Culture Alzheimer s disease and related

Scarcity and Opportunity Cost of Being a Student Free Essays

EMatthew Aqui Econ 131-Online Steve Moody 2 November 2012 Scarcity and Opportunity Cost of Being a Student Scarcity and opportunity cost is something that the entire human population faces every day. Without scarcity, opportunity cost would cease to exist and the choices that people will have to make will always be easy because there would be no hard decisions or trade-offs. It is something that impacts society today because the choices that people make will be based on what they need or want. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarcity and Opportunity Cost of Being a Student or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whatever they choose to do, they will sacrifice an opportunity cost. Human needs will always be unlimited but the resources needed to meet those needs will always remain limited. But what exactly is scarcity and opportunity cost? First off, scarcity is an economical problem in which people who will always have unlimited wants and needs, will also face a limited amount of resources. Scarcity is something connected to all economical decisions because it is a worldwide problem. People have to make hard choices to decide what to receive and what to discard. This is where opportunity cost comes in. Opportunity cost is the next best choice that he or she decides not to do because of a better choice. It is something that people give up to get something else that they want even more. From what can be said of scarcity and opportunity cost, both fit in very well together. Scarcity forces people to make tough decisions on limited resources which lead to opportunity cost. Decision making will always be hard when people cannot always have what they want. Because resources are scarce, people will most likely choose the thing in which they need more. For example, if the price of a PC and a flat-screen HD TV were both on sales, people would have a choice of buying either one. If a person has enough money for only one, that person has to make a tough decision. If he or she chooses to buy the PC because it was the better alternative due to productivity and daily applications, then the opportunity cost of buying the PC is to not receive the TV and lose the chance to buy the TV at a lower price. In addition, my personal application of scarcity and opportunity cost is something I can relate to especially as a student in college. College is very expensive especially with the cost rising. But I choose to go to college because of the benefits it provides for me for the future such as receiving a college degree to find a job. My other choice is to not go to school but to start working already. I can save up on money I do not have at the moment and use it to either live off of or save up for college later on. I could also choose to go to school and to work. The benefits are really great by getting an education and to also have an income. The costs to it is that I have to sacrifice other things such as having a recreational time with friends and family in order to make time for both school and work. At this point, I choose to go to school because I feel that getting an education early and going into the work force as soon as possible is my best option. If I were to work now and not go to school, I would have to wait before I can get my degree and wait even longer before I can find a job in my major. I feel that by only going to school, I will have more time to study which will benefit me even more by doing well in school. I would have less things to worry about. Scarcity is something that everyone is going to face in their lives whether it’s important or recreational. Sometimes we have to sacrifice certain things to gain the most out of something. We cannot always have everything that we want so we use the concept of an opportunity cost to help us decide which choice is the better one. One way to narrow down our opportunity cost to look at the things we want and the things that we need now. How to cite Scarcity and Opportunity Cost of Being a Student, Papers

Nicki Minaj Anaconda Essay Example For Students

Nicki Minaj Anaconda Essay Despite the commercial success of Nicki Minaj’s â€Å"Anaconda†, the music video has raised eyebrows from guardians of femininity and advocates of social responsibility ever since it was released in August. While these activists are busy calling for the American popular music industry to kill the goose that lays the golden egg in order to restore its shattered moral compass, I would like to draw your attention to look at the song from a feminist perspective. The song, of which I will explain in a more demure tone, basically stressed on the fact that the larger posteriors they possessed, the greater sex appeal they have. Women in this category should use it as a weapon to quash the dominance of skinny women, who had been comfortably recognized by mainstream beauty standards for decades. On a positive note, â€Å"Anaconda† attempts to build up the self-esteem of women, who failed to acknowledge that their bodies are unique and beautiful in their own ways. However, I am concerned with methods used to attain the goal. Ironically, one of them is the objectification of beauty. The trampling of skinny women to elevate the status of women with voluptuous posteriors is an endeavor to redefine the meaning of beauty, but the process itself is a counteraction against common idea of beauty, which has already been objectified. In other words, no matter how well they argue, they are not capable of breaking through the beauty is objectified frame. This is coherent with the understanding of George Santayana (1896), who believed that beauty is subjectively conceptualized according to human interests and feelings but is however guided by a sense of attraction, which eventually leads to ‘pleasure-objectified’. Unless and until we can solve this meta-psychology issue, I guess we have to regard this as a permanent setback for feminism. Let us move on to look at reasons behind Minaj’s hostility toward their nemesis. Besides waging a war against women with leaner bodies, she also gave a shout-out to women of her kind to conquer the club. It may seem I have an obsolete mindset for not able to appreciate the arts of provocation, which is popularly employed in hip hop music. Well, I have no problems with cat fight. In fact, I love watching altercations between women (or even men) purely for entertainment purposes. What I am more concerned with is how the lyrics put forth the arguments. It is revealed in the first part of the song that with her booty charm, she fully captured the heart of a rich man, who fulfills her yearnings for material pleasures. This is not only to provoke skinny women but also to prove that those with fuller lower body can use heir asset to hook up with wealthy men. The success of women in â€Å"Anaconda† is built on that of the men, and the former is proud of their ability to capture the prized possession. They are capable of acting vicious toward their women counterparts because they had anchored to someone who could offer them everything under the sun that has price tags on. To end the writer’s adrenaline rush before it gets me to write about Meghan Trainor’s â€Å"All About That Bass†, I would like to conclude this article by suggesting all of us to just enjoy â€Å"Anaconda† and appreciate Minaj and her dancers’ superb acrobatic moves.

Influence of Government Paradigms on Public Accountability Public Administration and Network Governance

Introduction Accountability is a dominant concept in the democratic political discourses. It reflects trustworthiness and transparency in public administration. However, depending on the dimension from which one looks at it, accountability may mean different things (Behn, 2001, p. 3: Pollitt, 2003, p. 89: Considine, 2002, p. 22).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Government Paradigms on Public Accountability: Public Administration and Network Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the most fundamental sense, accountability bridges the dynamic relationships between citizens and systems of public administration entrusted by the citizens to act in a manner that will benefit all citizens in overall. In democratic regimes, there exists a universal requirement for holding political leadership and administration accountable for their actions. Political accountability is problematic since politicians p resume that their obligations to the citizens would be executed in a manner that profiles master-servant relationships. In such a relationship, matters are not answerable to the servants nor should the servants question their masters (Scott, 2000, p.41: Schmitter, 2004, p.53). This phenomenon is common in the authoritarian systems of public administration. It infers that accountability is a concept that is only applicable to democratic systems where the administrators must respect the will of the people they serve. People possess a myriad of mechanisms of interacting with their administration. They may be clients of a myriad of agencies. In such a situation, they seek services and benefits from various agencies serving administrative roles.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People may also interact with the administration through legal systems, which serve the principle func tion of providing restrictions that bind all citizens coupled with those who represent them in the government. In such relationships, citizens constantly seek their interests to be safe guarded through accountability structures that ensure equal and paramount representation in the government by the people whom citizens appoint to make decisions on their behalf (Bovaird Loffler, 2009). The focus of public administration on adoption of mechanisms for ensuring that government is accountable to the client underlines the change of public administration systems from being bureaucratic. The focus of this paper is to conduct an analysis on the changes coupled with differences in approaches of public accountability. The paper is divided into two main sections. The first section of description considers theoretical perspectives of public accountability. In the second section, which is the analysis part, a consideration of traditional public administration followed by new public management an d then network governance is made. These approaches are then analyzed in the context of approaches of public accountability. Description: Theoretical perspectives For systems of governance to be acceptable by people, they need to be accountable. In the embracement of democracy, accountability is incredibly significant (Horner, Lekhi Blaug, 2006, p. 42).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Government Paradigms on Public Accountability: Public Administration and Network Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Accountable systems of governance are paramount since interaction of citizens and the government is dependent on the extent to which citizens can hold those in entrusted with power accountable (Hughes, 2003, p.240). With regard to Martin (2006, p. 72), giving citizens an opportunity to scrutinize government is crucial since citizens bestow power to the administrators and politicians to govern on their behalf. It is then important that citizens should be able to determine whether the power they have given the administrators is utilized in the appropriate way to ensure that the entire society benefits. In this context, Hughes (2003) argues that accountability is significant since it marks the hallmarks of a democratic system of governance (p.241). Inadequate or even lack of accountability has the implication of making bureaucratic administration systems corrupt and omnipotent (Martin, 2006, p. 93). Lack of accountability erodes the tenets of the responsibility that a government has towards its people. Introducing the concept of responsibility to the discussions of accountability implies that people acting in the place of others have a legal obligation. Besides, they have a moral responsibility to act in a manner that does not violate the trust bestowed to them and report to clients on how they have performed in the tasks dedicated to them (Rhodes, 1997). Interrelating respon sibility and accountability this way attracts scholarly criticism.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Hughes (2003, p. 241) and Considine (2002, p. 22) maintain that responsibility is different from accountability in that, in the hierarchy of execution of responsibility at governmental and organizational levels, it acts in the opposite direction. According to the author, this case happens where some subordinates are responsible for acts of other subordinates forming part of the work group. It is unfair to hold one person responsible for an act of another person. For instance, a manger cannot bear criminal responsibility for undue act of an employee in his or her line of command. In this extent, responsibility does not define precisely the extents of liability, which should be held by specific persons in government. Hence, responsibility is different from accountability in that, when individuals are considered accountable, they would have some kind of punishment subscribed to them in case of unsuccessful performance (Behn 2001, p.4). In case of administrators in the gov ernment, one form of punishment would involve removal from office either through dismissal by the appointing authority or by being voted out in case of an elective office in democratic systems. In this sense, accountability in public affairs is associated with aspects of justice, reliability, and loyalty (Bovens 2005, p.182). In public administration studies, accountability constitutes a large discipline. Scholars in the field have attempted to subdivide it into a number of facets. For example, Romzek (1998) divides it into four categories: legal accountability, hierarchical, professional, and political accountability (p.197). A legal and hierarchical accountability reflects the traditional perspective of public administration approaches. Professional and political accountability fosters higher degrees of autonomy. Hence, they are integral to new public management theory. According to Bovens (2005, p. 183), there are other types of accountability, which include administrative accoun tability, collective accountability, organizational accountability, individual accountability, and corporate accountability. Behn (2001) classifies all these types of accountability into three typologies: performance, fairness, and finances accountability (p.6). Accountability for fairness makes rulers refrain from misusing their power unjustly to disadvantage some people. In case of financial accountability, Bevir and Rhodes (2003) argue that government officials are entrusted with money belonging to taxpayers and that, if they fail to be accountable, they deserve a punishment (p.45). Performance accountability is realized by setting targets with well-defined parameters for managers and leaders to attain. The emphasis of accountability in public administration studies is paramount because accountability has significant functions within corporations and even in government. The principle functions of accountability include fostering effectiveness, fairness, efficiency, integrity, and democratic governance (Arnull Wincott, 2001, p. 18). Integrity is the substrate for prevention of corruption coupled with other undue conducts of public officials. Effectiveness and efficiency enhance performance. When all the functions of the accountability are integrated, a legitimate and reliable system of governance is acquired (Ferlie, Hartley Martin, 2003, p. 12). Analysis: Progression of public accountability from traditional approaches in public governance to network governance Traditional public administration and accountability In the traditional public administration approaches, accountability is manifested in two main forms: bureaucratic and political accountability (Dunleavy Hood, 1994, p. 9). In the bureaucratic accountability, citizens cannot directly hold civil servants accountable. Hence, their accountability is only possible through voting in appropriate political systems that are capable of putting in place appropriate legal systems that can subject civil serv ants to trial in case they violate accountability codes of conduct. In the context of traditional public administration, legal and hierarchical frameworks are deployed to enhance accountability. In this sense, Romzek notes, â€Å"hierarchical relationships rely on supervisory and organizational directives including rules and standards operation procedures to which employees are answerable for their performance† (1998, p.197). In this context, accountability is defined by various directives, which lay down the things that civil servants deserve to do and those that they should not do. Enhancing accountability from a legal basis implies that certain externally set anticipations and or standards are established and met. The performance of the civil servants must conform to the established criteria. Attempting to understand accountability from the contexts of the traditional approaches to public administration is quite easier. However, several problems emerge. Fisher (2004, p. 51 0) exemplifies one of these challenges when he argues that, accountability in the context of traditional approaches to public administration is not multidimensional since the model holds politician accountable while neglecting administrators since they are not associated with policy formulation. If anything goes wrong in the implementation of public policy, politicians should be held accountable since the administrators are only serving their bureaucratic role of implementation. Mulgan (2003, p. 4) supports this line of argument by lamenting that cultural differences come into play at the juncture in which political leaders encounter the top administration arm in the hierarchical structure of public governance associated with traditional approaches in public policy making processes. This challenge is akin to the focus of the traditional public administration on accountability based more on errors as opposed to achievements. Hence, the main attention is dedicated to the mistakes that would escape the scrutiny of the bureaucrats. Acheberg and Baston (1997) illustrate accountability approaches from the context of traditional public administration through an experiment for two groups of people to give scholarships to various students (p.345). The researcher was interested in the determination of the manner in which the groups allocated limited resources. One group knew that its way of allocation of scholarships would be exposed to testing while the other group did not have such information. The results on the experiment indicated that the group that knew its mechanism of allocation of resources would be tested for accountability allocated resources in an ineffective manner. From this experiment, it can be inferred that perception of the need to be held accountable leads to low levels of efficiency thus reinforcing the argument that traditional public administration seeks to pursue accountability from the perfectives of legal and financial contexts as opposed to pr ocedures and efficient utilization of resources. Accountability in the new public management approaches From the paradigms of new public management, citizens are viewed from the perspective of beings customers. Looking at accountability from the dimension of the degree to which people making the decision on behalf of the citizens satisfy the citizens, new public management stands out as a model that is more effective in comparison to traditional public administration (Dunleavy Hood, 1994, p. 12). Adoption of this model implies that the responsibility to the citizens shifts from politicians to the managers. The aftermath of this step is the alteration of the relations that exist between elected persons and citizens in matters of allocation and management of public resources (Mulgan, 2003, p. 18). Arguably, since new public management pursues the goal of improving relationships with various citizens (customers of the state), decision to maintain accountability is driven by the need t o establish stable connections with people. Comparatively, the traditional public administration approaches in enhancing accountability resulted in inefficiencies since it dwelled principally on seeking to control the manner in which bureaucrats spent resources as opposed to the outcomes realized from the utilization of resources. Dunleavy and Hood (1994, p. 13) reinforce this argument by asserting that governments guided by traditional approaches of public administration hardly realized optimal results. In the new public management, this challenge can be solved via making transfers of experiences to the private sector driven by the need to accord flexibility to mechanisms of public resource allocation in the effort to attain and satisfy the needs of citizens both optimally and maximally. In this end, accountability is measured as the degree to which the needs of the citizens have been achieved as opposed to the effectiveness or efficiency of the procedures used to satisfy the needs of the clients. This argument means that performance is an important parameter for measuring accountability under the new public management approaches. New public management combines contracting with privatization to enhance the efficiency of delivery of public goods (Martin, 2006, p. 100). The focus is to shift functions of the public sector to the private sector so that, in the due course of seeking more profits, customer satisfaction is increased. This means that the private sector would initiate steps to maintain its accountability since failure to do so would result in low profits. Apart from shifting the accountability in the allocation of public resources to the private sector, new public management results in effective and efficient resources utilization in the attempt to yield optimal returns. Bovens (2005, p. 182) commends such an approach by insisting that shifting the responsibility of allocation of public goods to the private sector provides the best mode of allocating and distributing public services. Accountability in network governance Over the last two decades, accountability with respect to network governance has undergone sophisticated changes grounded on the fundamentals of cooperation. Network governance contrasts the other two models in that it predominantly dwells on the creation of public value coupled with putting in place the means of ensuring that the relationship between the government and the citizens is maintained at the closest levels. The overall impact of network governance is the shifting of public accountability to horizontal accountability (Behn, 2001, p. 6). Bevir and Trentmann (2007) explain that this shift is fuelled by the need to enhance direct accountability to various customers (citizens), agencies, media, and even members of the civil society (p.78). This shift is perhaps vital by considering the rapid creation of various citizen charters, citizen panels and myriads of focus groups all aimed at enhancing public acco untability in the recent past in various nations. In particular, in the UK, a citizen panel comprised 6000 people to represent all citizens was formed and mandated to consult citizens on matters of the quality of the services delivered to them by the public sector (Curtin, 2004, p. 104: Bergman Damgaard, 2000, p. 15). Many other measures are also being adopted by different nations to compel the governments to be accountable to the citizens. They include publication of inspection reports, benchmarking reports, and assessment reports among other things over the internet. All attempts are aimed at encouraging horizontal accountability. The discussion above brings into the lime light a striking difference between the three topologies of public governance in enhancing public accountability. Under the traditional public administration, governments are neither principally interested nor focused on the outputs of the processes of allocation and distribution of public goods. Rather, more em phasis is paid on curtailing redundant mistakes. In case of new public management, concerns of accountability are market-driven (Kettle, 1998, p. 81). For network governance, rational matching of private with public sectors coupled with advocating for cooperation for the two sectors is the central concern believed to enhance the effectiveness and efficacy in achievements of results. Important to note is that network governance also compares with the other two approaches of accountability in that, under traditional public governance and new public management, civil servants are charged with the noble responsibility of ensuring that partnerships are created to foster cooperation between private and public sector. In such cases, administrators have narrow roles in enhancing interaction between various stakeholders who are vital in ensuring accountability. In the network governance era, transparency coupled with frankness and openness in the process of decision-making is influenced by i nteraction and cooperation of various stakeholders or contributors in the sphere of public accountability. Conclusion In public administration studies, accountability is considered as an element that helps to foster openness and trustworthiness coupled with transparency in both formulation and implementation of public policies. Public policies are formulated to enhance the allocation and distribution of public goods and services. Members of the Public hold the government accountable for the delivery of public goods and services. Driven by this concern, the paper focused on conducting an analysis on the changes and differences in approaches of public accountability from three dimensions: traditional public administration approaches to accountability, new public management, and network governance. It was argued in the paper that accountability is pivotal in societies. It is a determinant of the existing relationship between citizens and the government. Based on this argument, the pape r maintained that democratic governance could not prevail in an environment dominated by administration systems that are not accountable for their actions. The study demonstrated the significance of public accountability with respect to types coupled with functions of various forms of accountability. From traditional public administration through new public management to the network governance, several changes have taken place with respect to accountability. New public management is considered an optimal mechanism of allocation and distribution of public goods and services compared to the traditional public administration. In the due process, public accountability is incredibly improved. Under the paradigms of new public management, the relationship between bureaucrat and customers (citizens) is also improved. A shift in the measurement of accountability changes from being based on resources to the performance in terms of results. With the adoption of network governance, which conce rns itself with the creation of public value, cooperation of private and public sector is enhanced thus giving rise to even more enhanced accountability in allocation and distribution of the scarcest public resources. Reference List Acheberg, S., Baston, C. (1997). Accountability and Helping: When Needs Exceed Resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(2), 343-350. Arnull, A., D. Wincott, 2001, Accountability and Legitimacy in the European Union. New York Oxford: OUP. Behn, R. (2001). Rethinking Democratic Accountability. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Bergman, T., Damgaard, E. (2000). Delegation and accountability in the European Union. London: Frank Cass. Bevir, M., Rhodes, R. (2003). Searching for Civil Society: Changing Patterns of Governance in Britain. Public Administration, 81(1), 41-62. Bevir, M., Trentmann, F. (2007). Governance, Consumers and Citizens. London: Palgrave. Bovaird, T., Loffler. E. (2009). Public Management and Governance. London: Routledge. Bovens, M. (2005). Public Accountability. In F.Lynne C. Politt (Eds), The Oxford handbook of public management. (pp. 182-208). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Considine, M. (2002). Accountable Governance in the Age of Networks, Partnerships, and Joined-up Services. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 15(1), 21-40. Curtin, D. (2004). Mind the Gap: The evolving EU Executive and the Constitution, Third Walter van Gerven Lecture. Leuven; Groningen: Europa Law Publishing. Dunleavy, P., Hood, C. (1994). From Old Public Administration to New public Management. Public Money and Management, 1(1), 9-16. Ferlie, E., Hartley, J., Martin, J. (2003). Changing Public Service Organizations: Current Perspectives and Future prospects. British Journal of management, 14(2), 1-14. Fisher, E. (2004). The European Union in the Age of Accountability. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 24(1), 495-515. Horner, L., Lekhi, R., Blaug, R. (2006 ). Deliberative Democracy and the Role of Public Managers. London: The Work Foundation. Hughes, O. (2003). Public Management and Administration. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Kettle, D. (1998). Reinventing Government: A Fifth-Year Report Card. Washington: Brookings. Martin, J. (ed). (2006). Public Service Improvement, Policy, Progress and Prospects. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Mulgan, R. (2003). Holding Power to Account: Accountability in Modern Democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Pollitt, C. (2003).The Essential Public Manager. London: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill. Rhodes, R. (1997). Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Buckingham: Open University Press. Romzek, B. (1998). Where The Buck Stops: Accountability in the Reformed Public Organizations. In P.W. Ingraham, R. Thompson, and R.P Sander. Transforming government: lessons from the reinvention laboratories. San Francesco: Jossey Bass. Schmitter, P. (2004). The Ambiguous Virtues of Accountability. Journal of Democracy,  15(4), 47–60. Scott, C. (2000). Accountability in the Regulatory State. Journal of Law and Society, 27(1), 38–60. This essay on Influence of Government Paradigms on Public Accountability: Public Administration and Network Governance was written and submitted by user Camren D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Music Appreciation Test 1 Essay Example

Music Appreciation Test 1 Essay Example Music Appreciation Test 1 Paper Music Appreciation Test 1 Paper Essay Topic: Poetry In the chorus Hallelujah! From Messiah, monophony is used to convey the idea that There is one God The number11 in Didos Lament refers to Betrayal A shift from one level of volume to another in Baroque music is called Terrace Dynamics the earliest opera took their plots from mythology or history Which of the following musical devices is not used in the First movement of Bachs Cantata no. 140 wachet auf (sleepers awake) recitative the approximate dates of the Baroque period were 1600-1750 which of the following best describes socio-political system of the Baroque Era? Absolute Monarchy the dominant affection used in the chorus Hallelujah! From Messiah is best termed Majesty overlapping entries of the subject in a fugue are known as a Stretto The group of early Baroque writer, artists, and musicians whose aim was to resurrect the musical drama of ancient Greece known as The Florentine Camerata In the Chorus Hallelujah! from the Messiah, the kingdom of this world contrasted with the kingdom of our lord is significant because -uses terraced dynamics to show which kingdom is more important -uses word painting to represent these kingdoms -uses a special musical style to represent the idea that one of the kingdoms now rules the other The doctrine of the Affections states that An entire piece or large section of a piece should only reflect on affection short, recurring instrumental passage, found in the baroque concerto is called a Ritornello A performer of extraordinary technical ability is referred to as a virtuoso In the Baroque Era, a composer would be most likely to use the style of to set emotionally significant portions of a vocal solo Aria the main theme of a fugue is known as the Subject In Bachs Cantata no. 140, Wachet auf (Sleepers, Awake), the chorale tune is heard set against a countermelody in which movement? movement 4 George Frideric Handel was considered a master of the(genre) Opera Which of the following composers was born in Germany, traveled to Italy to study opera, but spent much of his/ her career in England Handel the form of the aria portion of Didos Lament from Purcells Dido and Aeneas is best described as Ostinato Aria A section of a fugue in which the main theme is not heard is called an episode the opening movement of Spring (Primavera) from The Four Seasons is in form Ritornello the larger group of instruments in a Baroque concerto grosso is known as a. Pipieno or Tutti the baroque composer who was also a renowned singer was Barbara Strozzi the volume changes based on the performing forces used (soft, medium, loud) without subtle gradations between levels in baroque music are known as terraced dynamic which genre is best described as a short multi movement work for vocalists, chorus and instrumentalists based on a text of either sacred or secular nature Cantata specific, short musical ideas may be used to stimulate specific emotions is known as The Doctrine of Figures A is a baroque congregational hymn of the German Lutheran Church. chorale In the chorus Hallelujah! from Messiah, canon is used to represent eternity the Florentine Cameratas ideas on music led directly toward the development of Opera the form of Handels Rejoice Greatly! is best described as da capo during the Baroque period the stated that there should be no rapid, extreme changes of emotion in a piece of music Doctrine of Affections a type of performance group used in most Baroque music is the Basso Continuo which two instruments would have been most likely to play the basso continuo in the baroque area? Cello and harpsichord the text of an opera is known as the Libbretto the number of players needed to perform a baroque basso continuo is two the Water Music by Handel is best described as a (genre) suite the opening movement of Bachs cantata no. 140, Wachet auf (sleepers, awake) is best described as(form/genre) Chorale fantasia the Baroque musician who was unusual for being admitted to an academy of intellectuals was Barbara Strozzi what refers to practice of breaking chords into separate notes to prolong the sound Style Brise the solo group of instruments in a concerto grosso is called concertino another term for ground bass is basso ostinato on which epic poem did nahum tate base the libretto for Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas? Virgils Aeneid How many players are necessary to correctly perform a trio sonata four 2 play bass continuo -1 play bass -1 play melody the chorale is a type of hymn tune created by Martin Luther Musical pictorialization of words from a text is known as word painting the larger group of instruments in a Baroque concerto grosso plays the Ritornello the greatest native English composer of the baroque period was Henry Purcell chorale tunes were adapted from Gregorian chant secular art music the is a polyphonic form in which one or more themes are developed in imitative counterpoint Fugue Bachs last demonstration of contrapuntal mastery was the. art of fugue the baroque period witnessed a new style of music, which featured a single vocal melody with accompaniment known as Monody the philosophical basis for the Doctrine of Affection was the idea of the power of music to influence the circulatory system the tendency to value the subjective, emotional, and ecstatic is know as Dionysian A is a virtuosic solo passage in the manner of an improvisation. cadenza the tendency to value reason, the objective, an order is best called Apollonian who is best viewed as the first master of opera? monteverdi Dido sings her famous lament in purcells opera Dido and Aeneas just before. she dies the term baroque probably derives from the meaning misshapen pearl the most popular keyboard instruments of the baroque era were the Organ and Harpsichord the first movement of a baroque concerto is most often based on procedure or form ritornello a multi movement work based on the opposition of one player against a larger group is a. solo concerto male singer who was neutered during boyhood to preserve his high voice was a castrato which of the following is a set of forty-eight preludes and fugues by Bach The Well Tempered Clavier J.S. Bach was most famous in his day as a performer on the Organ Melodic style characterized by many notes sung to a single text syllable is called Melismatic the term accompagnato (as opposed to secco) describes recitative in which the whole orchestra accompanies An instrumental passage that recurs again and again, as a refrain in an aria, is called a. ritornello which of the following pieces is an example of program music Spring from the Four Seasons by Vivaldi which of the following is most likely to be a syllabic in style? recitative the opening section of a fugue in which the main theme is heard is called an exposition the harpsichord is different from the piano because strings are plucked rather than hammered a hornpipe is an english dance a short phrase repeated over and over in the bass is also called a basso ostinato or ground bass which was not a favored keyboard instrument of the Baroque era? the piano vigorous, driving rhythm that does not let up is known as the. moto perpetuo an operatic song in the form ABA, which allows for the soloist to embellish the last section is called a. da capo aria what is a term indicating a purge of the emotions? catharsis opera is best understood as a dionysian entertainment a - was a type of english aristocratic entertainment combining music, poetry, and dance masque vivaldi wrote his concertos for the performers at the ospedale della pieta who were adolescent girls a repeating melody, usually in the bass, throughout a piece of music is known as a basso ostinato how many voices or individual lines are there in J.S. Bachs contrapunctus I from the art of fugue? four mourets rondeau is best considered a (genre) movement from a suite of dances the contrapuntal device that presents the subject spelled from end to beginning (backward) is known as retrograde the contrapuntal device that presents the subject spelled from upside down is known as. inversion what are the musical figures or example of word painting used by Handel in Rejoice Greatly high note on shout melismas long notes on peace large intervals on greatly In the chorus Hallelujah! from Messiah, The kingdom of this world contrasted with the Kingdom of our Lord is significant because -uses terraced dynamics to show which kingdom is more important -uses word painting to represent these kingdoms -uses a special musical style to represent the idea that one of the kingdoms now rules the other what are ostinato forms of the baroque era -basso ostinato -passacaglia -ground bass -chaconne what positions did Bach hold during his lifetime -cantor of St. Thomass Church in Leipzig -court organist and chamber musician to duke of weimar -court musician to the prince of Anhalt-Cothem What are devices used in Didos Lament -chromatic basso ostinato to symbolize grief or mourning -melodic descent on laid in earth to portray burial -repeated notes on remember me! to portray to the tolling of a death bell what are the characteristics of baroque music: -energetic, continuous rhythm -continuously expanding melody, built on sequence, or spinning out -expressive use of dissonance how did baroque musicians earn a living -as servants to royalty or nobility -as employees of a city -as employees of the church

What will happen to the wall if peace is established between Israel & Essay

What will happen to the wall if peace is established between Israel & the Palestinians Will Israel tear it down, construct more gates, leave it as it is, or some other alternative - Essay Example War will eventually erupt as nations wish to take the area forcefully. The war between Israel and Palestine have been there for more than a decade. Driven by a conflict on boundary, the two countries continues to try forcefully to acquire the area between them where there is no clear owner. The Israelites proposed that the undefined ground on the west bank should be protected as theirs. They government, therefore, proposed to build a wall separating the two nations, a project that is on-going. The building of the wall is meant to perform several tasks. The wall will help in securing the citizens from constant attacks projected by Palestine and their Arab supporters. Secondly, the wall is used to secure the ground since the Palestine want also to settle there. The big question that revolves around the global mind is what will happen to the wall if the two countries establish a long lasting friendship that will lead to peace in the region? The Israelite and Palestine war is a big issue that is not only their issue but a global affair. The building of the west bank wall to separate the two countries is not a long lasting clarification to the war in the Middle East. The United Nations need to come into the conflict and establish a resolution that would satisfy both parties involved in the conflict. Even though the wall is under construction, the conflict is getting hotter, and lives of both the Palestine and the Israelites are still being lost. There is a great need of encouraging negotiations that will peacefully lead to a lasting solution of the boundary conflict. The realization of serenity in Germany leads to the fall of the berlin wall. The factors that attributed to the destruction of the wall is the negotiation and the signing of a treaty that lead to re-establishment of Germany as a unit country rather than the twin countries, east

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - Assignment Example The number of people suffering from CFS has been increasing overtime. Research shows that by 2011, approximately 270,000 people in the UK suffered from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. More than 1 million of America’s total population has CFS, with about 75 % of these being undiagnosed (CDC). For CFS patients, severe fatigue is the major complaint that is recorded. Records show that the number of women who suffer from this condition is three times higher that of men, a ratio of 3:1. In the diagnosed cases, women comprise 60-80 % of the total (CDC). Also among adults, the highest level of occurrence of the disease happens between 40-49 years. In addition, children are more disposed to the condition as compared to adults, with the highest frequency of occurrence happening in adolescents between 10-17 years. Research further shows that African Americans are more susceptible to the condition (CDC). Though the medical field has not identified and proved the main causes of the condition, there are several suggestions on the same. Some of the common social determinants suggested include gender, race, age, cultural differences, socio-economic status, psychological distress, domestic workload, employment dissatisfaction, physical diseases and presence of

Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Accounting - Essay Example This allows a realisation of how indebted a company is for its operations. Profitability ratios reflect on how much profit the company is earning based on its principal investment. More commonly, a breakeven point allows a tabulation of how much business the company needs to do to ensure that its start-up costs are met. Alternatively, the gross profit ratio reveals the expected profit outcomes resulting from the company’s regular business operations. The liquidity ratios determine how resilient a company would be in case of deficit financing. The current ratio reveals how much liquidity the company has to deal with its outstanding liabilities. On the other hand, the liquidity index shows how quickly the company can turn its assets into liquidity, if need arises. Finally, activity ratios describe how well managed the company is. Typically, the accounts payable and accounts receivable turnovers reveal how actively the management is closing liabilities (Wahlen, Baginski, & Bradsh aw,

Animals Under Threat of Extinction

Animals Under Threat of Extinction More than 16,000 species of animals, birds, fish and plants are under serious threat of becoming extinct. Why is this, and is there anything we can do with it? Introduction: The panda, the tiger, the blue whale and the mountain gorilla. These are just a few examples of animals critically endangered with extinction. In fact, according to the IUCN Red List, about 22 percent of all mammal species are threatened by extinction. In this assignment, I will consider a statement in our English book; More than 16,000 species of animals, birds, fish and plants are under serious threat of becoming extinct. I chose this statement because I hadnt really considered the fact before, and was shocked after having done some research to find what extinction of that many species could mean to our planet. All I know at this point is what it says in the statement. What I would like to know after having written the assignment is whether this affects us or not and if it is a global problem. I would like to learn about extinction in general, and how species actually are extinct. I also want to find out if we can stop extinction, or if extinction is a natural part of species exist ence. Is this a global problem? Many of the endangered species are essential for other species survival, and in the long run, they might even play a big part of the existence of human beings. Every single species on earth is a part of a food chain. The extinction of a species may mean the end of another group of organisms. The eventual extinction of rainforests is a good example of this. The rainforests are a huge part of life on earth as we know it. It is assumed that between 50 and 70 percent of all species on earth are somehow connected to the rainforests, and research shows the rainforests hides millions of species yet to be discovered. Once, the glorious forests covered about 14 percent of the earths surface. Today, we are down to 6 percent, and it is decreasing by more than 6000 square metres every single day. This is not only a huge crisis for the wild life in the rainforests (research shows that nearly 150 species disappear every day because of the deforestation), but through the photosynthesis process, the rainforests are responsible for 28 percent of the earths oxygen turnover. This, combined with the heavy increase in the worlds population, might turn out to be a major problem. Additionally, by tearing down the rainforests, we might miss the cure for several deceases, considering that more than 25 percent of all natural medicines ever discovered, have their roots in the rainforests. We can assume that the last few remaining rainforests will be wiped of the face of the earth within 40 years. Extinction in general. The term extinction is used when a species reaches its end of existence. An estimated 99,9 percent of every species of animals and plants ever to have existed on our planet, are now extinct, and according to an environmental article in The Independant, scientists claim that about 50 percent of all existing species today will be extinct by the 22nd century. Most extinction happens before a race is even discovered. The definition extinction is used about a species when there are no more surviving members of the species that can reproduce, to create another generation of said species. Today, the group of extinct animals increases rapidly every day. According to a recent survey by the American Museum of Natural History, 70 percent thinks that this mass extinction is an even greater threat to our existence than climate changes. Most scientists also believe that the mass extinction and its consequences are greatly underestimated, and needs to be dealt with. Endangered species: According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, about 40 percent of every living organism on our planet is threatened with extinction. This, of course, only includes the little percentage of species discovered. There are different grades of endangerment, according to the IUCN Red List of endangered species, the first being Least Concern. This means the species faces no current threat of extinction. Some examples are the common mouse and the wood pigeon. Next category is Near threatened, and includes animals such as the tiger shark and the solitary eagle. These species may be threatened by extinction soon. The third category is called Conservation dependent. Some species under this category are the spotted hyena and the killer whale, and they are not critically endangered, but conservation programs are required . Vulnerable is the fourth grade, and these species, including the komodo dragon and the polar bear, are currently facing a risk of becoming extinct. The blue whale and the giant panda are species categorised as Endangered, and are in near future facing a great risk of becoming extinct. The species under the category Critically Endangered are facing an extreme risk of becoming extinct in near future. A species in this group is the mountain gorilla. Extinct in the wild is the category with species where only members of the species in captivation exist. The last category is Extinct, and the species under this category have reached theyre end of existence. There are no living individuals of the species. The Extinct category includes the dodo, the mammoth and more recently, the Baiji river dolphin (the species was declared extinct in 2006) and the West-African black rhinoceros (declared extinct in 2006). Why and how does a species get extinct? There are several ways for a species to get extinct. One way for a species to get extinct is if a species in its food chain faces extinction. For example, in a specific forest, the fox, the rabbit and the grass may be a part of a food chain, where the main part of the foxs diet consists of rabbits, which main diet consists of grass. If one year, the amount of grass is lower than usual, the rabbits may be failing in numbers as well, due to lack of food, and this could lead to that the amount foxes will decrease as well, because they will have a smaller amount of rabbits to feed on. In this scenario, the fox would probably go ahead and find another main source of food, but lets say the food chain is to only consist of these three species. The next year, because the amount of rabbits being eaten by foxes is lower, because the foxes didnt have as much food as usual, and the number of foxes is lower than usual, there would be an increase in the stock of rabbits. The next year again, the n umber of foxes would increase, because there is more rabbits to feed on. And like this, the food chain runs in a loop. This shows that all species depend on each other, and the amount of one species depends on the amount of another species. Climate changes are another reason for animal extinction, and the main reason for the growing concern of the polar bears existence. According to this article from a Norwegian online newspaper, the polar bears are forced to swim much longer distances than before, because of the melting of the Arctic ice. This is a huge problem for the polar bear cubs, which simply are born with a layer of fat to thin to survive for long in the ice-cold water. The melting of the ice also means it is increasingly more difficult for the polar bears to find food. Another reason for species extinction is human interaction. The dodo and the West-African black rhinoceros are great examples of this. The dodo was first seen in the early 1600s when Dutch sailors discovered the island Mauritius. The dodo had stubby wings, and was heavy and slow, an easy target for hungry Dutchmen. In less than 80 years, the dodo was extinct. The sailors who ate them and the fact that their nests were destroyed by rodents the sailors had brought with them. The West-African black rhinoceros horn was believed to be a form for aphrodisiac in parts of Yemen and China, so the species was a popular target for hunters. The species was declared extinct, when conservationists where unable to find any remaining individuals, in 2006. Conclusion. I believe there is no way for us people to stop extinction caused by natural changes, as it is a natural part of a species existence. However, endangered species caused by human actions, such as species being hunted for a part of the animal, like elephants tusks, sharks fins and rhinoceros horns is possible to stop by refuse to support these actions. The same is for the destruction of the rainforests, which I believe we need to do something about. Species extinction caused by climate changes, on the other hand, I dont think we are going to be able to stop. We cant undo whatever damage we have already caused our planet. If the climate changes turns out to be a part of human actions though, we may be able to stop future extinctions caused by changes in the climate.

The Rebellion of Nora in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Dolls House e

The Rebellion of Nora in A Doll's House      Ã‚  Ã‚   A Doll's House, by Henrik Ibsen, was written during a time when the role of woman was that of comforter, helper, and supporter of man. The play generated great controversy due to the fact that it featured a female protagonist seeking individuality.  Ã‚   A Doll's House was one of the first plays to introduce woman as having her own purposes and goals. The heroine, Nora Helmer, progresses during the course of the play eventually to realize that she must discontinue the role of a doll and seek out her individuality. David Thomas describes the initial image of Nora as "that of a doll wife who revels in the thought of luxuries that can now be afforded, who is become with flirtation, and engages in childlike acts of disobedience" (Thomas 259). This inferior role from which Nora progressed is extremely important.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ibsen's A Doll's House depicts the role of women as subordinate in order to emphasize the need to reform their role in society. Definite characteristics of the women's subordinate role in a relationship are emphasized through Nora's contradicting actions. Her infatuation with luxuries such as expensive Christmas gifts contradicts her resourcefulness in scrounging and buying cheap clothing; her defiance of Torvald by eating forbidden Macaroons contradicts the submission of her opinions, including the decision of which dance outfit to wear, to her husband; and Nora's flirtatious nature contradicts her devotion to her husband. These occurrences emphasize the facets of a relationship in which women play a dependent role: finance, power, and love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ibsen attracts our attention to these examples to highlight the overall subordinate role that a woman ... ...y is representative of the awakening of society to the changing view of the role of woman. A Doll's House magnificently illustrates the need for and a prediction of this change. Works Cited and Consulted: Clurman, Harold. 1977. Ibsen. New York: Macmillan. Heiberg, Hans. 1967. Ibsen. A Portrait of the Artist. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami. Ibsen, Henrik. "A Doll’s House." Perrine's Literature.   Forth Worth:   Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.   pp. 967-1023 Northam, John. 1965. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen. A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Shaw, Bernard. "A Doll's House Again."   Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism.   Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1979. Sturman, Marianne Isben's Plays I, A Doll’s House Cliffs Notes, 1965. Thomas, David. Henrik Ibsen. New York: Grove, 1984

Pros and Cons of Free Trade

IntroductionFree trade is an agreement between two or more countries in exchange for goods and/or services without the enforcement of tariffs or duties and at a benefit for each country. Advocates in favor of free trade believe that it gives Americans a better standard of living because of the goods and services received at such low prices. Free trade strengthens the U.S economy, creates jobs, spreads the value of freedom, reinforces the rule of law, and helps under developed countries.(White n.d).Most foreign countries can manufacture goods at lower cost so we pay less for them. Economists of free trade believe that when we sell more of our products overseas, American businesses can employ more people. Opponents who oppose U.S. free trade believe that it has caused many job losses here in the U.S and is not good for the economy. Many jobs overseas can be performed for a fraction of the cost of what American workers earn; so many U.S jobs are outsourced. Opponents also stress the unf ortunate exploitation of workers in underdeveloped countries and the defiling of their resources.Lastly the free trade agreement is a little one- sided, the U.S buys more goods from overseas than what other countries buy from us.THE PROS AND CONS OF FREE TRADE 3The advantage of free trade is the goods and services that can be bought at a reasonable cost. Also, the use of less expensive materials and labor acquired through free trade leads to a lower cost of manufactured goods. Dollar Tree is an example of how free trade has allowed this business to grow. This dollar store sells all of its goods for one flat rate of $1 to the American consumer. Normally, a pack of batteries would be $4.00 but at Dollar Tree it is $1. A large loaf of bread , frozen food, cleaning agents, head phones, pet supplies, baby clothes, toys, and more are just $1, all items are imported from either Mexico, China, Japan, Brazil or the Philippines.â€Å"Deep discounts translates into savings in food and goods. Denise Froming of The Benefits of Free Trade: A Guide For Policymakers states, â€Å"Because of these low prices the U.S. economy has grown by more than 23 percent, adding more than $2.1 trillion to the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) and raising the wealth of the average American consumer by more than $5,500†(Froming 2000). Although, these are tremendous savings brought about by these imports, it would be better to see U.S jobs and more American products made here at reasonable cost.The disadvantage of outsourcing jobs is how it impacts on American workers, for example in Ohio a once lucrative steel manufacturing company, named Republic Steel, became America's third largest steel company. Wikipedia states, â€Å"Republic Steel remained prosperous until the 1970s, but because of cheaper foreign imports, rising labor costs, and other factors they began to go under. In 1984 in an exchange of hands Republic merged into LTV steel but unfortunately, in December 2001, LTV fi led for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.† (Wikipedia 2014).THE PROS AND CONS OF FREE TRADE 4The steel plant was leveled and now in its place stands a Wal-Mart super store, the size of three football fields. The benefits of discount pricing do not outweigh the drawbacks of not having jobs. Hundreds of jobs were lost when Republic Steel went under and we now get our steel from Mexico†¦ Coincidentally, while writing this paper Ohio governor Kasich is bringing back Republic Steel with the help of a Mexican steel giant ICH who has brought Republic Steel out of bankruptcy.Ohio is producing shale oil and will need a steel plant to make pipes for gas lines within the next year. The average income with overtime and night shifts will be $50,000, and if this deal goes through it will inject more money into Ohio’s economy.(Schoenberger, 2011). In the U.S you have to pay at least minimum wage so, some companies who want to reap a high profit go to other countries and exploit those worker s. For example a pair of Michael Jordan tennis shoes made in China and Vietnam for around $7 resells for $70-180 here in the U.S.(Wiki n.d)The workers that produce these shoes in sweat shops make less than $2.46 per day with no benefits. (Jonathan n.d). The entrepreneurs who exploit the resources and labor of third world countries discredit what free trade is all about. What is needed is a balance of goods and services along with keeping a fair percentage of jobs for Americans. There should also be some way to police entrepreneurs from exploiting the resources of other countries.

How successful is concealment in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Essay

â€Å"†¦the more it looks like Queer Street, the less I ask.† How successful is concealment in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Jekyll and Hyde is a novel which addresses the drug usage that went on behind closed doors in 1890’s Britain. Also much of the book id based on some of Stevenson’s own experience’s of drug use because from very early childhood Stevenson was on a strict regime of drugs to deal with various aliments. Throughout the novel concealment is used to keep the reader interested in the novel, both physical and metaphorical concealment is used. For example at the very start of the test Jekyll’s will is concealed from us so we are not exactly sure what the issues with Edward Hyde are. This keeps the interested and encourages them to read on to learn more of the texts sudden interest with Edward Hyde. Another example of physical concealment is Dr Lanyon’s letter to Mr Utterson the lawyer when Uttterson receives the letter the audience, for a moment are lead to believe that this is the end and they will finally find out what is going on. Then the first envelope is open an again no joy but the audience continue to read on with the fresh hope that soon this envelope will be opened & all will be revealed. Examples of metaphorical concealment would be when Utterson urges Jekyll to come clean and explain why Hyde is in his will but he refuses to give an explanation there fore refusing the audience explanation of why he is so fond of Hyde. Also throughout the text Steven son conceals things from the reader by telling things from a different points of view, nothing is ever explained in one go from one perspective. This creates ambiguity as the things that Stevenson does reveal could mean many different things. This causes suspense in the readers. There are many different reasons for things to be concealed in the text by both Stevenson and the characters; the characters conceal things from themselves and each other because they are scared of what would happen if they didn’t. In the 1890’s people were extremely God fearing people and anything scientific could be considered evil as this would be meddling with Gods work and not only would Jekyll and other characters be ashamed of themselves for having anything to do with and would not want others to find out they had any connections to this. Also there everyday lives were very routine based, so why disrupt this comfy, cosy routine when they could just cover it up? Why cause all this trouble over something they could just cover look and ignore. Stevenson chooses to conceal things from the reader to help the reader relate to the character and understand just how in the dark they really were about what was going on at the time. Also it helps create tension, ambiguity and suspense in the text. With in the novel Stevenson conceals hidden themes showing what was happening at the time in Victorian Britain; such as the outrage towards Darwin’s theory of evolution, at the time people strongly believed in God and was against science. Darwin was purposing that we all came from animals; these ideas had major repercussions as it went against everything the church had worked so hard to preach. Stevenson put these things in to get a reaction as he knew in a strongly religious Victorian Britain the fact that Hyde shows some animal like instincts and cannot control this would not go down to well. Another concealed theme would be degeneration, as at that time society were concerned that human nature was becoming worse and evil was becoming more dominant in peoples characteristics, Stevenson uses this when he shows how Hyde is slowly but surely becoming Jekyll’s stronger persona. Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein share some of the same themes such as concealment, as when the Doctor creates his monster and rejects him , he becomes very secluded and ill as does DR Jekyll in Jekyll and Hyde. Also the books contain similar use of weather and animal imagery. This may be because they come from the same area. Stevenson shows great decadence in this novel as at the time Victorians were strongly opposing science and all of it attributes, Stevenson seemed to be trying to throw off the restraints of society at the time by referring to Hyde’s animal like ways well he was trampling the girl, thus high lighting Darwin’s theory that was frowned upon at the time. Also reflected in Stevenson’s Jekyll & Hyde was the fin-de-siecle, this is because the level of evil becomes slowly greater towards the end of the book until finally everything came to an end this connotes the concerns that everything was slowly getting worse as time went on. In the next things are concealed from the reader by Stevenson, concealed from the characters by other characters by other characters and also characters will conceal things from themselves to make themselves feel better. The effect of the reader not knowing what is going on is that they constantly feel the need to keep reading to gain more knowledge about the illusive Mr Hyde. The effect of the reader finding out things at the same time as the characters helps the reader emphasize with the characters so they can see things more easily from there point of view so this helps the reader understand more clearly what is going on in the book. The consequences of concealment are different for different characters. Utterson was protected from Hyde purely because of his lack of knowledge about him and how he is created. Lanyon, however is killed when all is revealed to him so perhaps it would have been far safer for certain characters to have things concealed from them rather than not. Concealment is what overall resulted in the death of Henry Jekyll, as he thought firstly that he could conceal his evil mannerisms in Edward Hyde and go about his evil under the name of Edward Jekyll but he fails and in the end (all though the other characters do not get to learn this we do) we see that all Hyde is to Jekyll is a disguise, not in fact an evil alter ego, but his own evil way encased in a different person. Things begin to slowly be revealed through the novel, as documents are opened and characters crack under pressure and share there secrets with someone else. Some things remain concealed almost until the very end such as Jekyll & Hyde being one person. Jekyll was forced to reveal his drug use to unsuspecting Lanyon when he turned into Hyde in the night and could not reach his cabinet to get the drugs out. This was disastrous as the shock of seeing all this evil killed him in the end. At this point it was already too late to help save Jekyll from his ever looming fate. This was successful in the terms of engaging the reader with the story as it leaves you wondering who Jekyll might reveal his deep dark secret to next. People were also made to understand how small & desperate the drug addict can feel sometime, but Lanyon’s shock and unwillingness to help once he new the situation connotes how people would turn a drug user away today because they fear for there own safety; because of all this I believe Stevenson was very successful in highlighting these issues. At the end of the novel the exact true circumstances of Jekyll’s death are concealed. This leaves the reader to draw there own conclusions from the information they are given by Stevenson. This helps add mystery to the plot and readers can draw there own conclusion, and think up an ending most fitting for them. The modern reader can relate to the text in so many ways, such as the pressure and longing to be bad, teens can relate this to there everyday life because they fell they need to miss behave to gain the respect of there friends. In the league of extraordinary gentlemen men the fact that Hyde is much larger than Jekyll helps show that evil has a bigger presence, and the pull of evil is much more appealing in today’s society. Also some teens can relate to the drug usage in the book as when Jekyll becomes Hyde he does everything he would love to as Jekyll, he can truly be himself. Teens can identify with this because they take drugs to relax, to have fun; some feel they can only do this with drugs in there system. In society today concealment still plays a very big part, parents conceal evil such as drugs, drinking etc from there children by trying to keep them away from this. But instead children will adapt a Jekyll and Hyde like persona’s one for there parents were the none of these bad things exist and one for there friends were they can be as bad as they like with no repercussions. Stevenson was successful in bringing these issues to light as he helped highlight just how much of the true human nature is repressed and hidden away.

The Miracle Worker essays

The Miracle Worker essays This story is about a deaf, blind, and mute girl. Her name is Helen Keller. Helen who has been unable to speak, hear or see since childhood, is increasingly difficult to educate until her parents find Annie Sullivan. Although she is new to teaching, it is through Annie's strong will and unshakable faith that Helen discovers how to survive... and thrive in the world through the eyes and ears others. As the story opens we see that Helen is quite a handful to take care of. Her parents are at their ropes end bout what to do with her. After discussing it for awhile, they decide that it would be best if they called in a teacher to live with them, and help Helen. The teacher that comes into their home is Annie Sullivan. She hasn't ever taught before, but agrees to try. When she meets Helen she sees that helen is quite smart, just spoiled. Helen is used to getting everything she wants, when she wants it and its obvious that Annie won't stand for it. Annie's first attempts to teach Helen dosen't go as she had planned. Annie uses sign language to speak to Helen She lets Helen feel each letter as she spells, Helen learns how to sign back, but she can't put two and two together. In other words, if Annie if Annie lets Helen taste an apple, Helen might spell out cake. Annie's biggest problem is the fact that she dosen't have complete control of Helen. The Kellers keep interferring with Annie's work. So, annie asks the Kellers is she can use the garden house, and live with Helen until she understands what Annie is trying to teach her. Finally, Annie gets the Kellers to allow her to take Helen and live in the garden house. Only for two weeks though. So Annie and Helen move into the garden house. Annie teaches Helen alot in two weeks.Although Annie feels that she needs more time, because Helen still dosen't understand that things have a name. Annie asks the kellers for more time, but they refuse. So Helen goes back ...

Deciding future US foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deciding future US foreign policy - Essay Example The United States would seem to occupy an enviable position in the world. Even as others must constantly account for the U.S., it would appear that the U.S. need not account for others. Compared with all other states, the United States is in a class by itself.No other country can match the health and productivity of its economy, the extent of its scientific and technological resources, its ability to sustain massive levels of defense spending, or the power, sophistication, and global reach of its armed forces. With these capabilities, the United States has enjoyed a unipolar if not a hegemonic state in world affairs. However, in light of the recent September 11 terrorist attacks, the Iraq war and Afghan conflict and the non-involvement of former strong allies, many critics have pointed out that the position enjoyed by the United States in world affairs is in danger and that a re-evaluation of foreign policy is called for. What should be the foreign policy adapted by the United States in the future.To a large extent, George W. Bush's administration has generally embraced primacy and the unilateralist foreign policy beliefs and preferences that underlie it. Early on, there were indications that the administration might exercise restraint in its foreign policy (e.g., Rice 2000; Zoellick 2000). Whatever the early indications, after 9/11, the administration quickly shifted gears to more aggressive and unilateral efforts, displaying a penchant for "bombing alone." This foreign policy has proven itself largely ineffective. While the United States has been successful in dismantling unfriendly nations who they accuse of having weapons of mass destruction, it has not prevented the increasing hatred for America and its nationals. The world still remains much the same with two differences- suicide bombings targeting US nationals or allies have intensified and US finds itself fewer allies. In the spirit of Neo-conservatism, the US embarked on a global war on terror to prese rve human rights for all the righteous people in the world only to face greater threats. If Henry Kissinger had his way, the US should have a 'realist' foreign policy wherein decisions are made based on material or military power rather than on ideals. It also involves an appraisal of the cultures and tendencies of other nations and not acting based on domestic feelings. Before the state acts, it must first question whether it is both practical and ideal. Kissinger's Realism aimed at defending American national interests by balancing adversaries and not promoting American hegemony or transforming the global order. The idea of the United States acting only if it benefits them with minimal harm is increasingly becoming popular but such a policy would only project further the image of the United States as an opportunistic nation filled with self-gratifying individuals both of which are two propaganda materials for terrorist organizations. America has been formerly isolationist up until the middle of the 20th century due to its reluctance to meddle directly in European affairs. It was only after the two world wars where the United States saw it fit to assume the role of a watchdog. Should America isolate itself by withdrawing its troops stationed in other countries and become a passive observer of events in other countries According to Sachs (2001), the hatred for Americans stems from its seeming disregard for national sovereignty by intervening in local affairs. Unable to remain separate or immune and feeling overwhelmed by the unwelcome forces, people lash out against their perceived chief source of ill feelings - the United States. Isolationist America finds further support from Huntington (1993) who argues that actively intervening in world affairs forces cultures and civilizations into greater contact with each other, increasing the likelihood of conflict. The Defense Department's Joint Visio

Discuss the offences and punishments arising out of Military Service Essay

Discuss the offences and punishments arising out of Military Service in Malta - Essay Example force’s and friendly aircrafts or when commanded to carry out operations in the air but fails to do so effectively shall be liable to life sentences or any other punishment provided by the Forces Act. However, if such intentional acts can not be proved, the individual may be convicted and imprisoned or given lesser penalties (Laws of Malta, 2003). Communication with the enemy and any such dangerous disclosures through intentional and unauthorized issuance of intelligence to enemies faces up to a life sentence or any other punishment in the act. ... In addition, a soldier becoming a prisoner of war through disobedience or willful neglect of duty or failing to take opportunity to rejoin forces or preventing/ discouraging other prisoners of war from taking steps to return to forces shall be open to imprisonment or any less punishment in this act (Malta, 1988). Offences regarding sentries or guards on duty (that is, one posted to patrol or is a member of a guard/ other party on patrol for purposes of preventing/ controlling access to or egress from any premises or of regulatory traffic), included drunkenness, sleeping at post or leaving assigned post. If anyone under military law uses force against such a guard on duty to achieve an objective shall be guilty against the said article. However, if offence is committed when one is not on active duty, he/ she must not be imprisoned fro more than two years. Looting offences included stealing from or the intent to steal from person wounded or killed in military operations or any property left exposed and unprotected after operations or anything left behind by the enemy with punishments ranging from imprisonment or any less punishment in the act. Mutiny by persons subject to military law by inciting another person or is themselves involved in threats of use of violence in order to avoid military duty is punishable on conviction for up to a life sentence or any other less punishment in the act. It involves the participation of at least two persons subject to military law to overthrow or resist authority, hamper conduction of military duty or to disobey authority in any way that causes deterioration of discipline in the forces. Failure to suppress, report without hesitation or prevent perceived

Quality safety and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quality safety and management - Essay Example In this regard, the CDM coordinator provides valuable advices to the client aimed towards ensuring smooth running of all project activities. CDM coordinators also help clients in finding the right contractor and designer for the project. The coordinators make clients aware of the requirements of a suitable contractor for the project, as well as about different types of management arrangements. CDM contractors ensure effective interpersonal communication between all team members in order to complete the project within the deadline. As they are concerned with the health and safety aspects of a project, they advise their clients about the risks associated with the project design process in order to offset the negativity of those risks. The role of a CDM coordinator in a project begins even before working on the project actually starts and continues for the whole life of the project. â€Å"The early appointment of the CDM co-ordinator is crucial for effective planning and establishing m anagement arrangements from the start† (Cant 2010). ... Proceeding without a CDM coordinator in charge is risky for investors because it may result in irrational decision making about different project management matters. Therefore, it is critical to put a CDM coordinator in charge before actually going on with the project planning and design processes. Here, it is imperative to point out some of the main roles and responsibilities of a CDM coordinator in project management. The first and the most important responsibility of a CDM coordinator is to give an accurate and relevant advice to the client regarding project management in such a way that the client becomes able to fulfill basic project requirements, such as, filing safety and design measures, appointing capable and knowledgeable contractors and designers, and making right arrangements at the right time. The CDM coordinator also helps the client in coordinating project planning and design work in accordance with the established health and safety measures. Notifying the Health and S afety Executive about project related processes is another duty of the CDM coordinator. A CDM coordinator also needs to identify and gather information about construction works before the beginning of the project in order to make the client aware of the need to conduct a survey about expected project risks. When the project actually starts, the CDM coordinator gets information from the client and passes it on to the concerned authorities in order to design the project in accordance with the clients’ requirements. For example, the coordinator consults the client for information update, notes down all information about required changes, and promptly provides

The Jesus I Never Knew †A Book Report Essay Example for Free

The Jesus I Never Knew – A Book Report Essay Philip Yanceys Book, The Jesus I Never Knew deals with the authors desire and attempt to reveal and investigate what kind of a person Jesus was. Some of his findings were revealing and even startling dwelling through different levels of traditions, interpretations, and stereotypes that hid the very personality of the Man in the Gospel, Jesus Christ. The book was critically divided and discussed into three major sections: Who he was, Why He Came, and Why He Left Behind. The first part, who was He, described the different misleading description and portrayals of Jesus: some conceived him as a magician, a political revolutionary, a Jewish Cynic, a cult leader, etc. On the authors perspective during his early childhood, he thought of Jesus as a soft and gentle person with no sharp edges on his personality moreover like a lamb- carrying shepherd. When he studied in a Bible College, there was a different interpretation of Jesus regarded as cosmic Jesus. By this time, the Authors desire to research who was Jesus took him to a journey through the Bibles four Gospels and to re-discover Him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On his book, the author made critical emphasis on the following events on the Bible and reflected his views, thoughts and opinion: for instance, the event Jesus was tempted by Satan in the desert opting Him to succumb in unleashing His power to establish the Kingdom of God. The Author sees Jesus as a charismatic person, an excitable one who expressed sympathy for those suffering, displayed anger at cold- hearted legalists, not afraid to show emotions, vulnerable and not ashamed to cry. On the event of Beatitude wherein Jesus made a Sermon on the Mount, the author sees this as a direct opposition to worldly possession of material prosperity and success. He confesses that when he first heard of the Beatitude, he thought of it as a mere unrealistic ideals impossible to live and achieve. Nonetheless he has changed his mind since then.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second part, Why He Came, depicts the very purpose of Jesus. The author made emphasis that His death was the epitome and the centerpiece of His eventual reincarnation. Yancey reiterated that although Jesus was being bombarded with criticism and pain on His last week before crucifixion, He was actually calling the shots knowing before hand what will happen thus overseeing the entire process. His goal was achieved, through His crucifixion at the Cross.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third part, Why He Left Behind, described His resurrection from the Cross bringing new hope to mankind. The author here made emphasis on the perspective of human freedom. He strongly lamented on the fact that Jesus followers were not living by examples and merely resorted to the use of authority, miracle, and mystery yielding to the very temptation that Jesus successfully resisted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All throughout the book, the author lively made narrative description of his own personal convictions based on his interactions and thoughts to other people and on his personal experiences. It delves deeply towards a journey looking for the original Jesus Christ. Though far from confining the matter to his own personal perspective, the author collected information and data all throughout the world quoting extensively from the writing and sayings of other people from vast cultural, religious, and cultural background. As a whole, the book depicts a credible glimpse of Jesus based on His historical and cultural settings. The question of â€Å"how would we re-act† today was strongly asked throughout the book and it only meant that we should re-consider our view and ideals regarding The Jesus We Never Knew. References Yancey, Philip (2002). The Jesus I Never Knew. New Ed. Zondervan Publishing House.

Analog vs digital communication

Analog vs digital communication Table of Contents Introduction Communication System Definition Analog Communication Digital Communication Advantages of Digital Communication Disadvantages of Digital Communication Comparison of Analog and Digital Communication 1. INTRODUCTION: Analog Communication is a data transmitting technique in a format that utilizes continuous signals to transmit data including voice, image, video, electrons etc. An analog signal is a variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude which is generally carried by use of modulation. Digital communicationsis the physical transfer ofdata over a point-to-point or point-to-multipointtransmission medium. Examples of such media arecopper wires,optical fibers,wirelesscommunication media, andstorage media. 2. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Communications is the field of study concerned with the transmission of information through various means. It can also be defined as technology employed in transmitting messages. It can also be defined as the inter-transmitting the content of data (speech, signals, pulses etc.) from one node to another. A communication system is a combination of processes and the hardware used to accomplish the transfer of the Information (communication). Acommunications subsystemis afunctional unitoroperational assemblythat is smaller than the larger assembly under consideration. Examples of communications subsystems in theDefense Communications System(DCS) are: (a)A satellite linkwith oneEarth terminalinCONUSand one in Europe (b)The interconnect facilities at each Earth terminal of the satellite link (c)An optical fiber cablewith its driver and receiver in either of the interconnect facilities. Communication subsystem (b) basically consists of a receiver,frequency translatorand a transmitter. It also containstranspondersand other transponders in it andcommunication satellitecommunication system receives signals from theantenna subsystem. A communication system providesus only with a channel for the mutual informationexchange which is not apriori dedicated to certain categories ofinformationonly. Communication system consists of Analog and Digital communication. 3. ANALOG COMMUNICATION Analog communication is a communication method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable. It could be the transfer of an analog source signal using an analog modulation method such as FM or AM, or no modulation at all. Analog transmission is still very popular, in particular for shorter distances, due to significantly lower costs and complex multiplexing and timing equipment is unnecessary, and in small short-haul systems that simply do not need multiplexed digital transmission. However, in situations where a signal often has high signal-to-noise ratio and cannot achieve source linearity, or in long distance, high output systems, analog is unattractive due to attenuation problems. Furthermore, as digital techniques continue to be refined, analog systems are increasingly becoming legacy equipment. Recently, some nations, such as the Netherlands, have completely ceased analog transmissions on certain media, such as television, for the purposes of the government saving money. Analog systems are very tolerant to noise, make good use of bandwidth, and are easy to manipulate mathematically. However, analog signals require hardware receivers and transmitters that are designed to perfectly fit the particular transmission. If you are working on a new system, and you decide to change your analog signal, you need to completely change your transmitters and receivers. Analog signals are signals with continuous values. Analog signals are used in many systems, although the use of analog signals has declined with the advent of cheap digital signals. 4. DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Digital communications is the physical transfer of data(a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium. Examples of such media are copper wires,optical fibers,wireless communication media, and storage media. The data is often represented as an electro-magnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage signal or an infra-red signal. Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from a data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It may also be ananalog signal such as a phone call or a video signal,digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation(PCM) or more advanced source coding(data compression) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out by codec equipment. Digital communication enables the data to be transmitted in an efficient manner through the use of digitally encoded information sent through data signals. These data signals are easily compressed and, as such, can be transmitted with accuracy and speed. Unlike in an analog communications where the continuity of a varying signal can not be broken, in a digital communication a digital transmission can be broken down into packets as discrete messages. Transmitting data in discrete messages not only facilitates the error detection and correction but also enables a greater signal processing capability. Digital communication has, in large part, replaced analog communication as the ideal form of transmitting information through computer and mobile technologies. The information source generates particular symbols at a particular rate. The source encoder translates these symbols in sequences of 0s and 1s. The channel encoder is oriented towards translating sequences of 0s and 1s to other sequences of 0s and 1s, to realize high transmission reliability and efficiency. The modulator accepts streams of 0s and 1s, and converts them to electrical waveforms suitable for transmission. The communication channel provides the electrical connection between the source and destination. It has a finite bandwidth, and the waveform transmitted suffers from amplitude distortion and phase distortion. In addition to distortion, power is decreased due to attenuation of the channel. Finally, the waveform is corrupted by unwanted electrical signals, referred to as noise. The primary objective of a communication system is to suppress the bad effects of noise as much as possible. The inverse process takes place at the destination side. The demodulator converts the electrical waveforms to sequences of 0s and 1s, the channel decoder translates the sequence of 0s and 1s to the original sequence of 0s and 1s. It also performs error correction and clock recovery. The source decoder finally translates the sequence of 0s and 1s into symbols. 5. ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: a). It is fast and easier. b). No paper is wasted. c). The messages can be stored in the device for longer times, without being damaged, unlike paper files that easily get damages or attacked by insects. d). Digital communication can be done over large distances through internet and other things. e). It is comparatively cheaper and the work which requires a lot of people can be done simply by one person as folders and other such facilities can be maintained. f). It removes semantic barriers because the written data can be easily chaned to different languages using software. g). It provides facilities like video conferencing which save a lot of time, money and effort. 6. DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: a). It is unreliable as the messages cannot be recognised by signatures. Though software can be developed for this, yet the software can be easily hacked. b). Sometimes, the quickness of digital communication is harmful as messages can be sent with the click of a mouse. The person does not think and sends the message at an impulse. c). Digital Communication has completely ignored the human touch. A personal touch cannot be established because all the computers will have the same font! d). The establishment of Digital Communication causes degradation of the environment in some cases. Electronic waste is an example. The vibes given out by the telephone and cell phone towers are so strong that they can kill small birds. In fact the common sparrow has vanished due to so many towers coming up as the vibrations hit them on the head. e). Digital Communication has made the whole world to be an office. The people carry their work to places where they are supposed to relax. The whole world has been made into an office. Even in the office, digital communication causes problems because personal messages can come on your cell phone, internet, etc. f). Many people misuse the efficiency of Digital Communication. 7. COMPARISON OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION ANALOG Analog signals are signals with continuous values. Analog signals are used in many systems, although the use of analog signals has declined with the advent of cheap digital signals. Analog systems are very tolerant to noise, make good use of bandwidth, and are easy to manipulate mathematically. However, analog signals require hardware receivers and transmitters that are designed to perfectly fit the particular transmission. If you are working on a new system, and you decide to change your analog signal, you need to completely change your transmitters and receivers. DIGITAL Digital signals are signals that are represented by binary numbers, 1 or 0. The 1 and 0 values can correspond to different discrete voltage values, and any signal that doesnt quite fitinto the scheme just gets rounded off. Digital signals are intolerant to noise, and digital signals can be completely corrupted in the presence of excess noise. In digital signals, noise could cause a 1 to be interpreted as a 0 and vice versa, which makes the received data different than the original data. Imagine if the army transmitted a position coordinate to a missile digitally, and a single bit was received in error? This single bit error could cause a missile to miss its target by miles. Luckily, there are systems in place to prevent this sort of scenario, such as checksums and CRCs, which tell the receiver when a bit has been corrupted and ask the transmitter to resend the data. The primary benefit of digital signals is that they can be handled by simple, standardized receivers and transmitters, and the signal can be then dealt with in software (which is comparatively cheap to change). Analog communication systems, amplitude modulation (AM) radio being a typifying example, can inexpensively communicate a bandlimited analog signal from one location to another (point-to-point communication) or from one point to many (broadcast). Although it is not shown here, the coherent receiver provides the largest possible signal-to-noise ratio for the demodulated message.An analysis of this receiver thus indicates that some residual error will always be present in an analog systems output. Although analog systems are less expensive in many cases than digital ones for the same application, digital systems offer much more efficiency, better performance, and much greater flexibility. 1. Efficiency: The Source Coding Theorem allows quantification of just how complex a given message source is and allows us to exploit that complexity by source coding (compression). In analog communication, the only parameters of interest are message bandwidth and amplitude. We cannot exploit signal structure to achieve a more efficient communication system. 2. Performance: Because of the Noisy Channel Coding Theorem, we have a specific criterion by which to formulate error-correcting codes that can bring us as close to error-free transmission as we might want. Even though we may send information by way of a noisy channel, digital schemes are capable of error-free transmission while analog ones cannot overcome channel disturbances; see this problem for a comparison. 3. Flexibility: Digital communication systems can transmit real-valued discrete-time signals, which could be analog ones obtained by analog-to-digital conversion,andsymbolic-valued ones (computer data, for example). Any signal that can be transmitted by analog means can be sent by digital means, with the only issue being the number of bits used in A/D conversion (how accurately do we need to represent signal amplitude). Images can be sent by analog means (commercial television), but better communication performance occurs when we use digital systems (HDTV). In addition to digital communications ability to transmit a wider variety of signals than analog systems, point-to-point digital systems can be organized into global (and beyond as well) systems that provide efficient and flexible information transmission.Computer networks, explored in the next section, are what we call such systems today. Even analog-based networks, such as the telephone system, employ modern computer networking ideas rather than the purely analog systems of the past. Consequently, with the increased speed of digital computers, the development of increasingly efficient algorithms, and the ability to interconnect computers to form a communications infrastructure, digital communication is now the best choice for many situations. Advantages and disadvantages of analog vs digital communication: 1. The first advantage of digital communication against analog is its noise immunity.In any transmission path some unwanted voltage or noise is always present which cannot be eliminated fully.when signal is transmitted this noise gets added to the original signal causing the distortion of the signal.However in a digital communication at the receiving end this additive noise can be eliminated to great extent easily resulting in better recovery of actual signal. In the case of analog communication its difficult to remove the noise once added to the signal. 2. Security is the another priority of messaging the services in the modern days.The Digital communication provides better security to messages than the analog communication.It can be achieved through various coding techniques available in digital communication. 3. In a digital communication the signal is digitised to a stream of 0 s and 1 s. So at the receiver side a simple decision has to me made whether the received signal is a 0 or a 1.Accordingly the receiver circuit becomes simpler as compared to the analog receiver circuit. 4. When signal is travelling through its transmission path gets faded gradually. So on its path it needs to be reconstructed to its actual form and re-transmitted many times.For that reason AMPLIFIERS are used for analog communication and REPEATERS are used in digital communication.amplifiers are needed every 2 to 3 Kms apart where as repeaters are neede every 5 to 6 Kms apart.So definitely digital communication is cheaper.Amplifiers also often add non-linearities that distort the actual signal. 5. Bandwidth is another scarce resource.Various Digital communication techniques are available that use the available bandwidth much efficiently than analog communication techniques. 6. When audio and video signals are transmitted digitally an AD(Analog to Digital) converter is needed at tansmitting side and a DA(Digital to Analog) converter is again needed at receiver side.While transmitted in analog communication these devices are not needed. 7. Digital signals are often an approximation of the analog data(like voice or video) that is obtained through a process called quantisation. The digital representation is never the exact signal but its most closely approximated digital form.So its accuracy depends on the degree of approximation taken in quantisation process. Digital communication has several advantages over analog communication system. Some are explained below: 1. Analog circuits require amplifiers, and each amplifier adds distortion and noise to the signal. 2. In contrast, digital amplifiers regenerate an exact signal, eliminating cumulative errors. An incoming (analog) signal is sampled, its value is determined, and the node then generates a new signal from the bit value; the incoming signal is discarded. With analog circuits, intermediate nodes amplify the incoming signal, noise and all. 3. Voice, data, video, etc. can all by carried by digital circuits. What about carrying digital signals over analog circuit? The modem example shows the difficulties in carrying digital over analog.